SOCIAL LIFE AND TRADITIONS

SOCIAL LIFE AND TRADITIONS:-

Social life means running tradition, behavior of the people, language and religion

 of a society. In the context from the time immemorial past Nepal has been a holy place

for penance and contemplation because of her  density of forest. As the passage of time the Gopalas and Mahispalas (Cow-graziers and buffalo graziers) entered into this kingdom. But the special and proper tribe of this country is the Kirantas- tribe of the Mongolian and Tibeto- burman features.

Later the Mongols from the northern side and the Aryans from the southern side entered into this valley gradually. In such course of entry misture of their blood gave the impact of its kind in the society.

In the medieval period due to the tyrannical rule of the Mohammedans in India millions of the Hindus entered into the dense forest of Nepal.

The Mohammedans as they were like barbarians in the eyes of the Hindus, same was the behave of the Hindus with the valley dwellers when they entered.

From the age of the Vedas the caste system or Varna Vyabastha was running in the society. In the Vedic period the Nepalese society was divided into four caste or Varna – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. In the course of time other sub-caste. This system developed according to their profession. During the medieval period even sudras were divided into two parts- touchable and untouchable.

   

Salient Features of the New Constitution of 1990 or of the constitution of 2047 B.S.:-

Every constitution has its own special characteristics. Such characteristics are the rudimentary means the mains the main law of a nation. The new constitution of Nepal of 2047 B.S. has its own specialty.

The monarchy of Nepal is Parental monarchy. The successor of the throne is also on the parental right. The present constitution has put limit landmark to the monarchy system. According to the constitution the monarch is the symbol of national unity and source of all the power. In spite of this all powers are exercised by elected members and cabinet of the ministers.

Another salient is constitutional monarchy. The constitution of 2047 B.S. has made the monarchy as constitutional monarchy. The constitution has made the sovereign as the U.K. “King in Parliament”.

Another salient feature is parliamentary administrative system. The present administrative system of Nepal is parliamentary system of government. In spite of the king is the main body of the country the full power of administration is exercised by cabinet of mi misters.

Another specialty of the constitution is the establishment of the multi-party democracy. To run the administration of multi-party system government existence and co-operation of different political parties is essential.

Another characteristic of the constitution was sovereignty lies in the people. It exists in the hands of the people. Before 2047 B.S. the sovereignty was completely endowed with the king. Now, in the new constitution “sovereignty lies in the people” is written.

Another is lawful state. The constitution has adopted the policy of lawful state. Appointment of the judges is consigned to the council of justice.

In its recommendation the judges of the district court to the judges of the judges of the Supreme Court are appointed.

Another prominent feature is the position of His Majesty is the symbol of the National Unity. According to constitution of 1990 (2047 B.S.) His Majesty would be the symbol of unity of the Nationality of Nepal and of the Nepalese people.

Another peculiarity is policies and principle of directory of state. The state has adopted the policy and principle of international peace especially with the neighboring countries. The last and conspicuous quality of the constitution of 2047 B.S. is flexible for amendment and variation according to the situation and time and people’s desire. Any provision or article of the present constitution can be amended and dismissed by the king in accordance with the public opinion. So, such type of constitution is called a flexible constitution.

Non-aligned foreign policy of Nepal

Non-aligned foreign policy of Nepal :-

Meaning of the term non-aligned means principle or practice of not joined either of the two large groups of world powers. As to the context of the foreign policy of Nepal meaning of the non-aligned foreign policy is to express one’s own opinion freely, impartially and reasonably in the world politics. Non-aligned doesn’t mean to remain quite aloof and in quarranteen from any event that happens in the world politics.

After the termaination of the 2^nd Great War the whole world is divided into two groups. To the divided jgroups of the world, Russia leads to one and America leads to another group. So, the policy of maintaining equality co-existence and neutrality in the world affairs is called non-aligned policy.

Propounders  of the policy of non-alignment are Marshal joseph Broz Tito the President of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru the Prime Minister of India, ankruma, the Qresident of Ghana and Gamal Abdul Nasser, the President Of Egypt.

This foreign policy has adopted the principles of Panchsheeel-i.e. to respect and honour to the sovereignty of other country, non-interference into the domestic dispute of other country, exchange of mutual economic and cultural co-operation, non-aggression and peaceful co-existence. In the doctrine of non aligned following points are basically needed :-

1.       Neutrality in the cold war period.

2.       Opposition of military groupism.

3.       Free-outlook in the world-politics.

4.       Active participation in the word-politics.

5.       Disarmament for world peace.

6.       Acceptance of the foreign aids without their any selfish motive.

7.       Opposition of colonialism, castism, apartheid or discrimination of the policy of complexin.

 :-

Meaning of the term non-aligned means principle or practice of not joined either of the two large groups of world powers. As to the context of the foreign policy of Nepal meaning of the non-aligned foreign policy is to express one’s own opinion freely, impartially and reasonably in the world politics. Non-aligned doesn’t mean to remain quite aloof and in quarranteen from any event that happens in the world politics.

After the termaination of the 2^nd Great War the whole world is divided into two groups. To the divided jgroups of the world, Russia leads to one and America leads to another group. So, the policy of maintaining equality co-existence and neutrality in the world affairs is called non-aligned policy.

Propounders  of the policy of non-alignment are Marshal joseph Broz Tito the President of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru the Prime Minister of India, ankruma, the Qresident of Ghana and Gamal Abdul Nasser, the President Of Egypt.

This foreign policy has adopted the principles of Panchsheeel-i.e. to respect and honour to the sovereignty of other country, non-interference into the domestic dispute of other country, exchange of mutual economic and cultural co-operation, non-aggression and peaceful co-existence. In the doctrine of non aligned following points are basically needed :-

1.       Neutrality in the cold war period.

2.       Opposition of military groupism.

3.       Free-outlook in the world-politics.

4.       Active participation in the word-politics.

5.       Disarmament for world peace.

6.       Acceptance of the foreign aids without their any selfish motive.

7.       Opposition of colonialism, castism, apartheid or discrimination of the policy of complexin.

Relations between Nepal, China And Tibet

             Nepal-Tibet-China Relations :-

From time immemorial past there had been Nepal’s relationship with Tibet and Chinese great saint called Maha Manjushrti ame to visit the beautiful lake of the Kathmandu valley and he cut down its southern verge. He brought out all the water and made the place worth-living. In the Lichhavi period Amsubarma gave his daughter bhrikutee to marry with

Tshrong-tien-Gampoo, an augustus Tibetan ruler. During medieval period A-Ni-Ko (balbahu) led a group of artist (architects and sculptors) to the Chinese emperor. During the reign of Mallas there had been a ferocious battle between Nepal and Tibet in which the Tibetan army becoming incapable to fight had surrendered with the Nepalese commander Kaji bhim Malla.

In 1788-89 Nepal-Tibet war took place due to the mercantile problem and to new numismatic dispute. In1791-92 Nepal-tibet-China war was fought in which the adversaries got defeat in Vetrabati. In 1854-56 Nepal-tibet and China war took place. In this war Nepal got victory on Tibet. From the time of 1792 a quinquennical mission was going to China. It was continued till 1908.

 In 1956 friendly relation was established between Nepal and China with the Nepalese Prime Minister Tanka Prasad Acharfya’s visit there. On the occasion China gave donation of six crore rupees for the development of Nepal. On the principle of Pachsheel both the cojntries expressed their conviction and good faith on each other. Due to the friendly visit by the political leaders of the both sides cultural relations also developed and expanded.

In 1959 the Nepalese Prime Minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koiral made friendly visit to China and signed on an agreement to establish the Chinese embassy in Kathmandu and the Nepalese embassy in Peking. Both of them decided to demarcate boundary scientifically with their joint committee. In order to maintain peace and tranquility at the border both of the countries accepted to0 fix non-military zone twenty kilometers far from their distance. China accepted to help Nepal giving 14 crore of Rupees.

In 1960 a dispute on the case of Mt. Everest and its terrestrial Ownership arose between the two. At last the Chinese authorities accepted Nepalese Ownership to its southern face.

On 28^th june 1960 a contingent of the Chinese army trespassing the boundary of Nepal in Mustang and killing a Nepalese policeman chase some cows and captured them. The government of Nepal opposed this trespassing and aggression to China. On this case the Chinese government begging pardon with Nepal gave compensation to the bereaved family.

In 1960 the Chinese government gave approval to the political change that happened in Nepal. In 19961 King Mahendra visited china and made a treaty of boundary between the two countries and signed on document of constructing of High way.

During Indo-China war of 1962 (2019 B.S.) Nepal remained quit neutral and expressed her view to settle their boarder dispute in a peaceful manner.

Nepal has been raising voice for the entry of china in the U.N.O. in the international conferences.

In 1974 (2031 B.S.) China approved ‘Place Zone Proposal’ put forward by His Majesty King birendra.

At the invitation of Hwang-Ko-Feng the president of the standing committee of Chinese National Peoples Congress His Majesty King birendra visited Senchuwa Province of China and other Provinces of Tibet. In 1977 (2034 B.S.) teng-Siao-Ping, the vice-premier of China came to Nepal on four days visit. With such relation between the two countries became more firm and stable than the previous days.

  

India-Nepalese Relations

India-Nepalese Relations :-

From time immemorial past there had been close relationship between Nepal and India. With geographical and cultural point of view the relationship has become more close. Due to the open boundary between the two countries there had been political dispute but such disputers have been settled peacefully. After the independence of India in 1947 the legation or embassy between the two contries have been established. Till now without visa and passport the Nepalese can come to Nepal. This system has been developed on the basis of mutual understanding  and traditional friendship between the two countries. Nepal is a Hindu Kingdom, and various religious shrine of the Hindus are existing in India Among them, varanashi (Kashi), Badrinarayan, Vrindaban, Ayodhyaji, Mathura, Prayag, Hridwar, sarnath, Bodh gaya (Gayaji) and Hrishikesh etc. are very important with religious point of view. Likewise Pashupatinath, swayambhu, Guheswari and other holy places are attracting the Indians to Nepal for religious purpose.

After the termination of the Second Great War, Wave of national awakening is occureced in the Afro-Asia countries. Moreover, the abolition of the British rule from the Indian territory affected. Nepal to instigate national awakening, and the struggle began to terminate the rana rule. India got independence from the claws of the british in 1947. So the Indian Republic was against the Ranas. After taking political asylum in the Indian embassy king tribhuwan departed from Kathmandu to New delhi by the special Indian-Airlines. India denied to give recognition to gyanendra, grandson of the king, who was enthroned by the Rana dictators.

In 1950-51 for the termination of the revolutionary movement a settlement or coalition betwwwn the Ranas and the king himself in the mediation of Pandit Nehru was settled which was called delhi settlement in the politico-history of Nepal. In 1951 the Indian check-Post was established in the northern part of Nepal. In 1954 (2011 B.S.) Dr. Delli raman Regmi, then foreign minister of Nepal put emphasis on the fact that there must be a harmony between the two countries.

During the reign of Late King Mahendra Nepal maintained a policy of equidistance between India and China. In 1955 (2012 B.S.) Nepal china friendly relation was established. There after Nepal set-up cordial and amicable relations with other countries.

In 1956 (2013 B.S.) on the coronation ceremony distinguisehed foreign guests had been invited to Nepal. In the very year some high ranking leaders and diplomats from Indian had come to Nepal to talk on different politico-socio and economic aspect of the two contries. In the same year high-ranking Nepalese leaders visited India to settle political dispute. 

So, in 1957 (2016 B.S.) India called back her military mission from the northern boarder of Nepal.

After the politico-change of 1960 (2017 B.S.) some misunderstanding developed between these powers. Reasons for creating the tension were Panchayat dictatorship, India ignored to the voice raised by Nepal for the right of transit, disorder and unpeaceful disputes on the boarders of the two and India’s denisal for the transit through radhikapur for the enhancement of the Nepalese trade etc. and etc.

FOREIGN POLICY OF NEPAL

                              FOREIGN POLICY OF NEPAL

Characteristics of the foreign policy of Nepal :-

The foreign policy of any country is based on her geographical, political, social, economical, intellectual historical and religious background. Of all these elements of the foreign policy the geographical relation is very potential for the connection of the friendly and hostile relation with her neighbourning country. By the geogtraphical postion with a ‘yam’ situated between the two powers and is a small ‘buffer’ state. Prithivinarayan Shah, the founder of modern Nepal had compared Nepal’s geographical position with a ‘yam’ situated between two big stones. Nepal’s position sis just like Yam because she is between two big powers.

In his ‘Dibyopadesh’ (royal speech) he told his countiers that they must have to continue good friendly relations with china. He further added that they should keep friendly relations with the emperor of the south. But he very clever and diplomat, he had captured whole Hindustan.

Nepal is and independent country whatever geographical position she has. The Nepalese kbnow how to deal friendly relations with these two powerful neighbours. It would be unfarsightedness to Nepal to play hostile role against anyone of the two. Nepalese feel vanity and pride that even to this day they had never been subjugated by any power. We Nepalese are capable to safeguard our sovereignty and independence. In spite of all that we had been quite aloof from world politics for hundred and four years. Nepal entered into international field after the political change of 1950-51. After the revolution of 2007 B.S.Nepal made her political approach with china, soviet Russia, France and japan. In1955 (2012 B.S.) Nepal took membership in the United Nationals Organization.

From 1961 (2018 B.S.) Nepal Began to participate in non-aligned summit conference.  

saarc and Nepal

After the 2nd great war 1945 various regional cooperation organisations like European economic community NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) Warshawpact,the American Free trade organisation,the league and the african unity organisation etc.are estabished: In this context the south Asian associantion fr Regional Co-opeartion(SAARC) is also one of them .with in this association seven countries of the south Asia are working.They are:-NEpal,India,pakistan,Ceylon, bangladesh,maldives,and bhutan.
this association has occupied 3.27% of  territort and 20% of popukation of the world. this is a region of geographical diversity. nepal and bhutan are landlucked countries of the SAARC and ceylon and maldives are atelocked.India, pakistan and bangladesh are situatd on the verge of the sea.According to the data of World bank of 1980 75% people of this region  are poor and of low means.
on the inauguration ceremony of the 26th advisory committee of the columbo plan his majesty king Birendra had addressed his speech of the regional co-operation for the development of water resource in 1977(2034).Thereafter president ziaur-Rahman of bangladesh put a draft proposal and formal letter to these countries in 1980.in1983 a meeting of ministerial rank passed and sanctioned the proposal for regional co-operation.
in1984 the SAARC was estabished formally and bangladesh chaired its meeting for one year.According to the ministerial decision in Dhaka conference of 1986 the SAARC secretariat was established in the capital.
In1987 the SAARC Secretarist building was inaugurated by His majesty king birendra.


AIms and objective of the SAARC are given below:-
a.   SAARC is established for probono publico.


b.   SAARC is established for economic, socialand cultural development of the people ofb the SAARC countries


c.   SAARC is established for the devlopment of a prestigeus life of the people of the concered countries.


d.   To contribute for the develovpment of mutual understanding and mutual trust to each other of the SAARC countries


e.    to develop mutual co- operation in the interantional field about mutual welfare.


Procedues and activities of SAARC:-
The first summit conference held in dhaka  bangladesh in j1985 determined the direction to SAARC. Tradition of publication of joint-press statement after ending the summit conference was also set up.Different confernce of SAARC launched a compaign for the development of agricuture, rural development, comumunication, meteorology,health and population trannsport and cummunication and other side of procedures.
TILL 2000 A.D SAARC would fulfill the basic need of the people of SAARC countries .Till now five summit confernce of the saarc have been held in dhaka of bangladesh ,in Islamabad of pakistan,benglore of india and kathamandu of nepal,in maale of maldives respectively.

Tibetans Forced Back Into Nepal and embassy of nepal

HIMALAYAN NEWS SERVICE

KATHMANDU: The Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN) and the Embassy of India today officially announced the arrival of Indian national cricket team skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni in Kathmandu on June 16 here during a press conference.
Embassy first secretary Apoorva Srivastava said Dhoni’s visit is an official one and the 2011 World Cup winning captain is coming to Nepal following an invitation from the Embassy.
Earlier, there were speculations that Dhoni was coming to Nepal only to pay a visit to Pashupatinath temple. “It is not a personal visit alone. We have been trying for a long time to bring some prominent Indian cricketers here and he accepted our invitation to come here,” revealed the first secretary.
“With U-19 World Cup looming, this is the right time for Dhoni to visit Nepal as his interaction with players here could be inspirational,” she added. Dhoni is set to land here at 9:00AM and heads to Kirtipur to interact with Nepalese cricket team.
“We will host a reception for him at Yak & Yeti Hotel in the evening where he will meet CAN officials and other prominent personalities,” Srivastava informed about Dhoni’s two-day tour itinerary.
The next morning Dhoni will visit Pashupatinath with wife Sakshi before returning home. Srivastava hoped that Dhoni’s visit will be fruitful for Nepal. “Probably with Dhoni, CAN will get a chance to interact about the development of Nepali cricket. I am hoping it gets fruitful,” she said.
CAN president Tanka Aangbuhang said Dhoni’s visit could be benificial on number of reasons. “We will have the opportunity to share ideas with him on ways to develop Nepali cricket,” said Aangbuhang. CAN general secretary Ashok Nath Pyakurel said Dhoni’s visit will be highly inspirational to Nepali cricketers. “Everyone knows about the stature of Dhoni. Just a tip from him to our cricketers will carry a great significance,” he said. Pyakurel added the cricket governing body will make special security arrangements during his Kirtipur visit.
Known as one of the most successful captains in modern day cricket, Dhoni led India to the ICC World Cup last year after he played an unbeaten 92-run innings against Sri Lanka in the final at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.
He also skippered the Indian team that won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa in 2007 and the Chennai Super Kings side that lifted Indian Premier League titles in 2010 and 2011. Wicketkeeping batsman Dhoni averages 37.42 in Tests from 67 matches
with five hundreds and 24 half-centuries. He has played 203 ODIs averaging 51.70 with
seven centuries and 45 half-centuries.

tibetans Forced Back Into Nepal

Chinese border police detain pilgrims and refuse them entry into Tibet.

AFP

Nepalese riot police arrest Tibetan protesters in front of the Chinese Embassy in Kathmandu, March 10, 2012,

In a rare move, Chinese border police have forcibly sent back a group of Tibetan pilgrims seeking to re-enter Tibet from Nepal after confiscating their residency permits and detaining them for a week, according to Tibetan and Nepalese sources.


One analyst called the move “puzzling” and “a new development” in China’s handling of Tibetans wanting to return from Nepal to their homes.


There are about 20,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal, and Beijing is becoming more aggressive in urging Kathmandu to restrict their activities and to take action against other refugees fleeing alleged rights abuses and other actions by the Chinese authorities.


The group of pilgrims which was sent back to Nepal came originally from Tibet’s Nagchu prefecture and comprised five men and four women in their 20s and 40s, a Tibetan living in Kathmandu named Tender said.


“They were detained on May 26 at the border post [at Dam],” he said.


“All nine were severely beaten for two days by the Chinese border police and were then handed over to the Nepalese immigration authorities. One Chinese official from the border post came with the group all the way to Kathmandu,” he added.


Demands for money


Sailing Tseten Dore, a Tibetan protest marcher detained in Nepal, said he saw the group when they were brought in to the immigration facility in which he was being held.


“In the afternoon of June 4, nine Tibetans arrived in the facility,” he said. “They had been caught by the Chinese border police on the night of May 26 and were detained at the border post.”
“After their residency permits from Tibet were confiscated, all nine were handed over to Nepalese authorities along with all their belongings.”


Two officials from the Chinese embassy in Nepal came to the immigration office to question the group, but the Tibetans refused to speak to them, he said.


Nepalese officials are now demanding large sums of money to secure the group’s release, Dorje said—asking first for 9,000 Nepali rupees (U.S. $102) , then 10,000, and finally 100,000 rupees from each.


“If they cannot pay, the authorities are threatening the Tibetans with jail time,” he said.
Pilgrimage in India
Sambhu Lama, an official with the Nepal-based HURON human rights group, said the group had first arrived in Kathmandu in mid-December, apparently intending to stay.
“They lived in the Tibetan Reception Center and were registered,” he said.
They were identified as Tenpin Honcho, 40, Quma (Tenzin Sangmo), 44, Sonam Landon, 20, Luse, 40—all women—and  Tamding, 23, Tenzin Higual, 26, Du Wang, 20, Lu Sang, 25, and Dam Cheng, 20—all men.


Before they were interviewed for asylum, though, the group decided to attend the Kalachakra teachings given in India in January by exiled Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama and then return to Tibet, Sambhu Lama said.


“They went to the Kalachakra, went on pilgrimage around India, and then stayed in India for a few months because of rumors about re-education camps being set up in Tibet for pilgrims who had attended the Kalalchakra.”


“They only decided to head back to Tibet once they heard that these pilgrims were released and the situation was better in their [native] region.”


Stopped at the border by Chinese police because they did not have the “proper pass” to cross back into Tibet, the group was then held for nine days before being handed over to Nepalese authorities, he said.


The group now faces fines for “illegal entry” into Nepal and “penalty fines,” Sambhu Lama said, adding that when these fines are paid, they will be sent to the Indian border, accompanied by a Nepalese immigration official.


Tibetan refugees often use Nepal as a transit point to live in India.


“The detainees, however, do not have any money to bear the cost of their release, so we have contacted Tibetan organizations in Kathmandu for their help,” he said.'
'A new development'
Columbia University Tibet scholar Robbie Barnett cited recent but unconfirmed reports of three similar cases, saying the actions are “a new development” in China’s handling of Tibetans crossing the border from Nepal.
“It’s uite common for internationally prominent Chinese dissidents to be refused re-entry into mainland China, but the people involved in these cases were not in that category, were Chinese citizens, and had traveled legally to Nepal as far as is known.”
“It’s very puzzling,” he said.
Mikel Dunham, a writer and lecturer who travels frequently to Nepal, said that Nepal’s growing security ties with China and domestic political uncertainties have left Tibetans wishing to return to Tibet “extremely vulnerable.”


“As long as Nepal remains stuck in the growing pains and false starts of its newly created republic, the humane treatment of Tibetans seeking to re-enter Tibet via Nepal will remain an extremely low priority for Nepal’s government,” he said.
“In short, we can expect the Chinese to call the shots along the border while the politicians in Kathmandu persist in their internecine jockeying for personal power.”
Reported by Thupten Sangyal and Lumbum for RFA’s Tibetan service. Translations by Karma Dorjee. Written in English with additional reporting by Richard Finney.

.

The National Animal of Nepal

z

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, and India to the south, east and west. The Himalaya mountain range runs across Nepal's northern and western parts, and eight of the world's ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest, are within its territory. The total area of Nepal is 147181 sq. Km with an East to West length of about 800Km. and a North to South width of about 90-230Km. Nepal is located 26° 26’ north – 30° 26’ north latitude & 80° 03’ east – 88° 15’ west longitude. The elevation of Nepal starts at 70m above sea level and ends with Mt. Everest at 8848m

Nepal has a population of about 27 million people. Education is not compulsory here so only 57% of the population is literate. The primary religions in Nepal are Hinduism & Buddhism. There are also some Muslims, Kirats, Jains,  Christians and others. There are more than 60 different ethnic groups in Nepal, each having their own dialect culture.

Cow is the national animal of Nepal. Most of the people of Nepal are Hindus and cow is worshipped as the goddess of wealth (Goddess Laxmi). Killing of cow is prohibited in the hindu religion and in Nepal.

The national flag of Nepal is quite unique in shape. Nepali flag is the only double triangular shaped flag in the world. Moon resides in the upper triangle and the sun in the lower triangle. The blue color in the boarder of the flag denotes the peace loving nature of Nepalese. This flag was designed in the time of King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal (Founder of Modern Nepal) around two and half centuries ago. In addition to this this flag carries various vedic importances.

Danphe (Lophophorus impejanus) also known as himalayan communal is the national bird of Nepal.